PRODUCTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BIO CATALYTIC ENZYME PRODUCED FROM FERMENTATION OF FRUIT AND VEGETABLE WASTES AND ITS INFLUENCE ON AQUACULTURE SLUDGE
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20319/mijst.2018.42.1226Keywords:
Enzyme, Fermentation, Fruit and Vegetable Wastes, Pretreatment, Aquaculture SludgeAbstract
The aquaculture sludge discharged from shrimp aquaculture industry may result in high organic content and nutrients that are considered as a source of surface and ground pollution. Hence, before disposing, it has to be treated efficiently to reduce its pollutants concentration. Anaerobic digestion technology has been commonly applied for sludge treatment but it requires longer retention time and the efficiency for the overall organic matter degradation is relatively low. Therefore, a pretreatment is usually applied before further anaerobic treatment. This study focused on the production of bio catalytic enzyme from fermentation of fruit and vegetable wastes such as pineapple, mango, orange and tomato dregs to increase the aquaculture sludge stability. The solution of the wastes is known as garbage enzyme. It was produced by three months’ fermentation of molasses, waste and water mixture with the ratio of 1:3:10. Characterization of the enzyme showed that it possessed lipase, amylase and protease activities. All types of fruit and vegetable wastes were pretreated individually at pH 7.0 within the duration of 120 hours and were labelled as pineapple garbage enzyme (PGE), mango garbage enzyme (MGE), orange garbage enzyme (OGE) and tomato garbage enzyme (TGE). The efficiency of the pretreatment was evaluated based on the removal of total suspended solid (TSS), volatile suspended solid (VSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total ammonia nitrogen (TAN). A higher removal of all parameters was observed in all pretreated experiments. The pineapple garbage enzyme performed a greater reduction of TSS and VSS within the range of 54 percent to 72 percent. COD removal efficiency was higher in pineapple and orang garbage enzyme with 82 percent and 88 percent removal, respectively. While for TAN, orange garbage enzyme showed a higher reduction with 65 percent removal. These findings proved that enzyme solution produced from fruit and vegetable wastes have the potential to pretreat aquaculture sludge when the reduction of selected parameters were observed and this will help reducing shock lock or inhibition prior to anaerobic digestion.
References
Ademollo, N., Patrolecco, L, Polesello, S., Valsecchi, S., Wollgast, J., Mariani, G., & Hanke, G. (2012). The analytical problem of measuring total concentrations of organic pollutants in whole water. Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 36, 71-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2012.01.008
Adulkar, T.V., & Rathod, V.K. (2013). Pre-treatment of high fat content dairy wastewater using different commercial lipases. Desalination and Water Treatment, 53(9), 2450-2455. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2013.871582
American Public Health Association (APHA). (2005). Standard Method for Examination of Water and Waste Water, 21st ed., Washington, DC.
Arun, C., & Sivashanmugam, P. (2015). Investigation of biocatalytic potential of garbage enzyme and its influence on stabilization of industrial waste activated sludge. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 94, 471-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2014.10.008
Arun, C., & Sivashanmugam, P. (2015). Solubilization of Waste Activated Sludge Using a Garbage Enzyme Produced From Different Pre-consumer Organic Waste. Journal of Royal Society of Chemistry, 5, 51421-51427. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA07959D
Benfeld, P. (1951). Enzymes of Starch Degradation and Synthesis. Advance in Enzymology, 12, 379.
Chen, Y., Cheng, J. J., & Creamer, K. S. (2008). Inhibition of anaerobic digestion process: A review. Bioresource Technology, 99(10), 4044–4064. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.20077.01.057
Foladori, P., Andreottola, G., & Ziglio, G. (2010). Sludge reduction technologies in wastewater treatment plants. IWA Publishing, London, UK. https://doi.org/10.2166/9781780401706
Kuusik. (2014). Anerobic co-digestion of sewage sludge with fish farming waste. The 9th International Conference of Environmental Engineering, 22–23 May 2014, Vilnius, Lithuania, 1–5.
Lowry, O.H., Rosebrough, N.J., Farr, A.L., & Randall, R.J. (1951). Protein Measurement with the Follin Phenol Reagent. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 193, 265–275.
Masse, L., Masse, D. I., & Kennedy, K. J. (2003). Effect of hydrolysis pretreatment on fat degradation during anaerobic digestion of slaughterhouse wastewater. Process Biochemistry, 38, 1365-1372. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-9592(03)00020-7
Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-based Industry. (2011). National Agro-food Policy (2011-2020). Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-food Industry. Kuala Lumpur.
Mirzoyan, N., Tal, Y., & Gross, A. (2010). Anaerobic digestion of sludge from intensive recirculating aquaculture systems: Review. Aquaculture, 306, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.05.028
Muller, J.A. (2000). Pre-treatment processes for recycling and reuse of sewage sludge. Journal of Water Science Technology, 42, 167–174. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0197
Nazim, F., & Meera, V. (2013). Treatment of synthetic greywater using 5 percent and 10 percent garbage enzyme solution. Bonfring International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management Science, 3, 111-117. https://doi.org/10.9756/BIJIEMS.4733
Panda, S.K., Mishra, S.S., Kayitesi, E., & Ray, R.C. (2016). Microbial-processing of fruit and vegetable wastes for production of vital enzymes and organic acids: Biotechnology and scopes. Environmental Research, 146, 161-172. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.205.12.035
Pandey, A., Benjamin, S., Soccol, C. R., Nigam, P., & Krieger, N. (1999). The realm of microbial lipases in Biotechnology. Biotechnology Applied Biochemistry, 29, 119-131.
Parmar, N., Singh, A., & Owen, P. W. (2001). Characterization of the combined effects of enzyme, pH and temperature treatments for removal of pathogens from sewage sludge. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 17(2), 169-172. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016606020993
Shu, C.H., Xu, C.J., & Lim, G.C. (2006). Purification and partial characterization of a lipase from Antroia cinnamomea. Process Biochemistry, 41, 734-738. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2005.09.007
Tang, F.E., & Tong, C.W. (2011). A study of the garbage enzyme’s effects in domestic wastewater. International Journal of Environment, Chemical, Ecological, Geological and Geophysical Engineering, 5, 887-892.
Timmons, M. B., & Ebeling, J. M. (2007). Recirculating Aquaculture, Cayuga Aqua Ventures, LLC. Ithaca, New York.
Uma Rani, R., Adish Kumar, S., Kaliappan, S., Yeom, I.T., & Rajesh Banu, J. (2014). Enhancing the Anaerobic Digestion potential of dairy waste activated sludge by two step sono-alkalization pretreatment. Ultrasonic Sonochemistry, 21, 1065-1074. doi: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.20121.007
Ushani, U., Rajesh Banu, J., Kavitha, S., Kaliappan, S., & Yeom, I.T. (2017). Immobilized and MgSO4 induced cost effective bacterial disintegration of waste activated sludge for effective anaerobic digestion. Chemosphere, 175, 66-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.02.046
Yang, Q., Luo, K., Li, X., Wang, D., Zheng, W., Zeng, G., & Liu, J. (2010). Enhanced efficiency of biological excess sludge hydrolysis under anaerobic digestion by additional enzymes. Bioresource Technology, 101, 2924–2930. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.11.012
Yi, H., Han, Y., & Zhuo, Y. (2013). Effect of combined pretreatment of waste activated sludge for anaerobic digestion process. Journal of Procedia Environmental Sciences, 18, 716–721. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2013.04.097
Yin, Y., Liu, Y., Meng, S., Kiran, E.U., & Liu, Y. (2016). Enzymatic pretreatment of activated sludge, food waste and their mixture for enhanced bioenergy recovery and waste volume reduction via anaerobic digestion. Applied Energy, 179, 1131–1137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.07.083
Yusoff, A. (2015). Status of resource management and aquaculture in Malaysia. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Resource Enhancement and Sustainable Aquaculture Practices in Southeast Asia (RESA), 53-65.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright of Published Articles
Author(s) retain the article copyright and publishing rights without any restrictions.
All published work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
