OBESITY BECOMES A GLOBAL PROBLEM
Received: 05th October 2023; Revised: 20th December 2023, 12th January 2024; Accepted: 20th January 2024
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20319/lijhls.2022.8.156169Keywords:
Obesity, BMI, Fat, Overweight, MeasurementAbstract
Obesity is a common disease that can cause and increase cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, and more. This may indicate that obesity may affect genome stability. Obesity is a global problem, especially in high-income countries. The aim of this research is to identify diseases and cases associated with obesity. Methodology: The method used is a case study where the author analyzes an existing problem and arranges it systematically. Conclusion: Obesity is a disease that has a risk of causing the development of other diseases. Obesity has a major impact on physical and mental health. The factors that can cause obesity are genetics, environment, socio-economics and drugs.
References
Abarca-Gómez, L., Abdeen, ZA, Hamid, ZA, Abu-Rmeileh, N.M., Acosta-Cazares, B., Acuin, C., Adams, R.J., Aekplakorn, W., Afsana, K., Aguilar-Salinas , CA, Agyemang, C., Ahmadvand, A., Ahrens, W., Ajlouni, K., Akhtaeva, N., Al-Hazzaa, HM, Al-Othman, AR, Al-Raddadi, R., Al Buhairan, F., … Ezzati, M. (2017). Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128•9 million children, adolescents, and adults. The Lancet, 390 (10113), 2627–2642. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736%20(17)32129-3
About the Body Mass Index (BMI). (n.d.). www.cdc.gov/growthcharts .
Aizawa, T., & Helble, M. (1993). ADBI Working Paper Series Socioeconomic Inequity in Excessive Weight in Indonesia Asian Development Bank Institute. http://www.adb.org/publications/socioeconomic-inequity-excessive-weight-indonesia/
Akpinar, E., Bashan, I., Bozdemir, N., & Saatci, E. (2007). Which is the Best Anthropometric Technique to Identify Obesity: Body Mass Index, Waist Circumference or Waist-Hip Ratio? In Coll. Anthropol (Vol. 31).
Alsulami S, S., Isgin-Atici, K., Turan-Demirci, B., Surendran, S., Sendur, SN, Lay, I., Karabulut, E., Ellahi, B., Lovegrove, Alikasifoglu, M. , Erbas, T., Karani S, V., & Buyuktuncer, Z. (2019). Impact of Fat Mass and Obesity Associated (FTO) Gene Variants and Lifestyle Factors on Obesity Traits in a Turkish Population. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 78 (OCE2). https://doi.org/10.1017/s0029665119000740
An, R., He, L., & Jing Shen, M. S. (2020). Impact of neighborhood food environment on diet and obesity in China: A systematic review. In Public Health Nutrition (Vol. 23, Issue 3, pp. 457–473). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980019002167
Barzin, M., Piri, Z., Serahati, S., Valizadeh, M., Azizi, F., & Hosseinpanah, F. (2018). Incidence of abdominal obesity and its risk factors among Tehranian adults. Public Health Nutrition, 21 (17), 3111–3117. https://doi.org/10.1017/S136898001800188X
Bluher, M. (2020). Metabolically healthy obesity. In Endocrine Reviews (Vol. 41, Issue 3, pp. 405–420). Endocrine Society. https://doi.org/10.1210/endrev/bnaa004
Boutari, C., & Mantzoros, C. S. (2022). A 2022 update on the epidemiology of obesity and a call to action: as its twin COVID-19 pandemic appears to be receding, the obesity and dysmetabolism pandemic continues to rage on. In Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental (Vol. 133). WB Saunders. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2022.155217
BY SUJ ATA GUP TA. (n.d.).
Cobiac, L. J., & Scarborough, P. (2021). Modeling future trajectories of obesity and body mass index in England. PLoS ONE, 16 (June 6). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252072
Connaughton, R.M., McMorrow, A.M., McGillicuddy, F.C., Lithander, F.E., & Roche, H.M. (2016). Impact of anti-inflammatory nutrients on obesity-associated metabolic-inflammation from childhood through to adulthood. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 75 (2), 115–124. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665116000070
Corona, L.P., Da Silva Alexandre, T., De Oliveira Duarte, Y.A., & Lebrão, M.L. (2017). Abdominal obesity as a risk factor for disability in Brazilian older adults. Public Health Nutrition, 20 (6), 1046–1053. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980016003505
Darsini, D., Hamidah, H., Notobroto, HB, & Cahyono, EA (2020). Health risks associated with high waist circumference: A systematic review. In Journal of Public Health Research (Vol. 9).
De Vries Mecheva, M., Rieger, M., Sparrow, R., Prafiantini, E., & Agustina, R. (2023). Behavioral and Environmental Risk Factors Associated with Primary School Children's Overweight and Obesity in Urban Indonesia. Public Health Nutrition. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980023000897
Deckelbaum, R. J., & Williams, C. L. (2001). Childhood obesity: the health issue. In Obesity research: Vol. 9 Suppl 4. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2001.125
Değirmenci, T., Kalkan-Oğuzhanoğlu, N., Sözeri-Varma, G., Özdel, O., & Fenkçi, S. (2015). Obezitede psycholojik belirtiler ve ilişkili etmenler. Noropsychiyatri Arsivi , 52 (1), 42–46. https://doi.org/10.5152/npa.2015.6904
Fitch, A.K., & Bays, H.E. (2022). Obesity definition, diagnosis, bias, standard operating procedures (SOPs), and telehealth: An Obesity Medicine Association (OMA) Clinical Practice Statement (CPS) 2022. Obesity Pillars, 1, 100004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j .obpill.2021.100004
Gade, W., Schmit, J., Collins, M., Gade, J., Reaven, G., Kaplan, N., Unger, R., & Fried-man, J. (2010). NO 1 WINTER 2010 CLINICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 51. In CLINICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE (Vol. 23, Issue 1). http://hwmaint.clsjournal.ascls.org/
Harbuwono, DS, Pramono, LA, Yunir, E., & Subekti, I. (2018). Obesity and central obesity in Indonesia: Evidence from a national health survey. Medical Journal of Indonesia, 27 (2), 53–59. https://doi.org/10.13181/mji.v27i2.1512
Heindel, J.J., Howard, S., Agay-Shay, K., Arrebola, J.P., Audouze, K., Babin, P.J., Barouki, R., Bansal, A., & Blanc, E. (2022). Obesity II: Establishing causal links between chemical exposures and obesity. Biochemical Pharmacology, 115015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115015ï
Hendarto, A. (2019). The Burden of Childhood Obesity in Indonesia. | Int J Clin Pediatr Child Health |, 1 (1). www.journal.iipch.org/ijcpch
Heslehurst, N. (2011). Symposium I: Consequences of obesity and overweight during pregnancy: Identifying at risk for women and the impact of maternal obesity on National Health Service maternity services. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 70 (4), 439–449. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665111001625
Hoey, H. (2014). Management of obesity in children differs from that of adults. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 73 (4), 519–525. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665114000652
Janssen, F., Bardoutsos, A., & Vidra, N. (2020). Obesity Prevalence in the Long-Term Future in 18 European Countries and in the USA. Obesity Facts, 13 (5), 514–527. https://doi.org/10.1159/000511023
Lean, M.E.J. (2000). Pathophysiology of obesity. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 59 (3), 331–336. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665100000379
Lee, E.Y., & Yoon, K. H. (2018). Epidemic obesity in children and adolescents: risk factors and prevention. In Frontiers of Medicine (Vol. 12, Issue 6, pp. 658–666). Higher Education Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11684-018-0640-1
Luli, M., Yeo, G., Farrell, E., Ogden, J., Parretti, H., Frew, E., Bevan, S., Brown, A., Logue, J., Menon, V., Isack, N., Lean, M., McEwan, C., Gately, P., Williams, S., Astbury, N., Bryant, M., Clare, K., Dimitriadis, G. K., … Miras, A. D. (2023 ). The implications of defining obesity as a disease: a report from the Association for the Study of Obesity 2021 annual conference. In eClinicalMedicine (Vol. 58). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.101962
Ma, WY, Yang, CY, Shih, SR, Hsieh, HJ, Hung, CS, Chiu, FC, Lin, MS, Liu, PH, Hua, CH, Hsein, YC, Chuang, LM, Lin, JW, Wei, J.N., & Li, H.Y. (2013). Measurement of waist circumference: Midabdominal or iliac crest? Diabetes Care, 36 (6), 1660–1666. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc12-1452
Medawar, E., & Witte, A. V. (2022). Impact of obesity and diet on brain structure and function: A gut-brain-body crosstalk. In Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665122002786
Nigro, E., Scudiero, O., Monaco, M.L., Palmieri, A., Mazzarella, G., Costagliola, C., Bianco, A., & Daniele, A. (2014). New insight into adiponectin's role in obesity and obesity-related diseases. In BioMed Research International (Vol. 2014). Hindawi Publishing Corporation. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/658913
Nuttall, F. Q. (2015). Body mass index: Obesity, BMI, and health: A critical review. In Nutrition Today (Vol. 50, Issue 3, pp. 117–128). Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. https://doi.org/10.1097/NT.0000000000000092
Palacios, C., Magnus, M., Arrieta, A., Gallardo, H., Tapia, R., & Espinal, C. (2021). Obesity in Latin America, a scoping review of public health prevention strategies and an overview of their impact on obesity prevention. In Public Health Nutrition (Vol. 24, Issue 15, pp. 5142–5155). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980021001403
Polyzos, S. A., & Mantzoros, C. S. (2019). Obesity: seize the day, fight the fat. In Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental (Vol. 92, pp. 1–5). WB Saunders. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2018.12.011
Pou, S. A., Diaz, M. D. P., Velázquez, G. A., & Aballay, L. R. (2022a). Sociodemographic disparities and contextual factors in obesity: updated evidence from a National Survey of Risk Factors for Chronic Diseases. Public Health Nutrition, 25 (12), 3377–3389. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980021004924
Pou, S. A., Diaz, M. D. P., Velázquez, G. A., & Aballay, L. R. (2022b). Sociodemographic disparities and contextual factors in obesity: updated evidence from a National Survey of Risk Factors for Chronic Diseases. Public Health Nutrition, 25 (12), 3377–3389. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980021004924
Prado, C. M., Cushen, S. J., Orsso, C. E., & Ryan, A. M. (2016). Sarcopenia and cachexia in the era of obesity: Clinical and nutritional impact. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 75 (2), 188–198. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665115004279
Rahim Hingorjo, M., Anwar Qureshi, M., & Mehdi, A. (nd). Neck circumference as a useful marker of obesity: A comparison with body mass index and waist circumference.
Romanelli, R., Cecchi, N., Carbone, M.G., Dinardo, M., Gaudino, G., Miraglia Del Giudice, E., & Umano, G.R. (2020). Pediatric obesity: Prevention is better than care. In Italian Journal of Pediatrics (Vol. 46, Issue 1). BioMed Central. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13052-020-00868-7
Ross, R., Neeland, I.J., Yamashita, S., Shai, I., Seidell, J., Magni, P., Santos, R.D., Arsenault, B., Cuevas, A., Hu, F.B., Griffin, B.A. , Zambon, A., Barter, P., Fruchart, J.C., Eckel, R.H., Matsuzawa, Y., & Després, J.P. (2020). Waist circumference as a vital sign in clinical practice: a Consensus Statement from the IAS and ICCR Working Group on Visceral Obesity. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 16 (3), 177–189. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41574-019-0310-7
Rtveladze, K., Marsh, T., Barquera, S., Sanchez Romero, L.M. aria, Levy, D., Melendez, G., Webber, L., Kilpi, F., McPherson, K., & Brown, M.(2014). Obesity prevalence in Mexico: impact on health and economic burden. Public Health Nutrition, 17 (1), 233–239. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980013000086
Sanyaolu, A., Okorie, C., Qi, X., Locke, J., & Rehman, S. (2019). Childhood and Adolescent Obesity in the United States: A Public Health Concern. In Global Pediatric Health (Vol. 6). SAGE Publications Inc. https://doi.org/10.1177/2333794X19891305
Sweeting, H. N. (2007). Measurement and definitions of obesity in childhood and adolescence: A field guide for the uninitiated. In Nutrition Journal (Vol. 6). https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-6-32
Sybilski, A.J., Raciborski, F., Lipiec, A., Tomaszewska, A., Lusawa, A., Furmańczyk, K., Krzych-Fałta, E., Komorowski, J., & Samoliński, B. (2015). Obesity - A risk factor for asthma, but not for atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis and sensitization. Public Health Nutrition, 18 (3), 530–536. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980014000676
Telleria-Aramburu, N., & Arroyo-Izaga, M. (2022). Risk factors of overweight/obesity-related lifestyles in university students: Results from the EHU12/24 study. British Journal of Nutrition, 127 (6), 914–926. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114521001483
Thame, M.M., Jackson, M.D., Manswell, I.P., Osmond, C., & Antoine, M.G. (2010). Weight retention within the puerperium in adolescents: A risk factor for obesity? Public Health Nutrition, 13 (2), 283–288. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980009991352
Upadhyay, J., Farr, O., Perakakis, N., Ghaly, W., & Mantzoros, C. (2018). Obesity as a Disease. In Medical Clinics of North America (Vol. 102, Issue 1, pp. 13–33). WB Saunders. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2017.08.004
Verweij, LM, Terwee, CB, Proper, KI, Hulshof, CT, & Mechelen, W. Van. (2013). Measurement error of waist circumference: Gaps in knowledge. Public Health Nutrition, 16 (2), 281–288. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980012002741
Wharton, S., Lau, DCW, Vallis, M., Sharma, A.M., Biertho, L., Campbell-Scherer, D., Adamo, K., Alberga, A., Bell, R., Boulé, N., Boyling, E., Brown, J., Calam, B., Clarke, C., Crowshoe, L., Divalentino, D., Forhan, M., Freedhoff, Y., Gagner, M., … Wicklum, S. (2020). Obesity in adults: A clinical practice guideline. CMAJ, 192 (31), E875–E891. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.191707
World Health Organization. (2011). Waist circumference and waist-hip ratio: report of a WHO expert consultation, Geneva, 8-11 December 2008 . World Health Organization.
World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe. (n.d.). WHO European Regional Obesity: Report 2022 .
Xu, S., & Xue, Y. (2016). Pediatric obesity: Causes, symptoms, prevention and treatment (review). In Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine (Vol. 11, Issue 1, pp. 15–20). Spandidos Publications. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2015.2853
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Fitri Halimah Lubis, Erpiani, Lailan, Ayu Ananda, Zata Ismah
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Copyright of Published Articles
Author(s) retain the article copyright and publishing rights without any restrictions.
All published work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.