MALE GENDER STEREOTYPES IN PAKISTANI ADVERTISEMENTS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20319/pijss.2016.s21.17161732Keywords:
Gender Stereotypes, Traditional Stereotypes, Masculinity, Advertising, SocietyAbstract
This paper deals with the study of how men are portrayed and perceived in television commercials in electronic media. After reviewing existing literature on gender stereotypes and in advertisements, a research gap has been identified in the field of gender stereotype studies in electronic media: male gender stereotypes and their utilization in advertisements. Hence, this research combines these aspects in an attempt to fill the aforementioned gap. Content analysis is chosen as a method to evaluate male gender stereotypes, if any. The analysis of the study is comprised 60 ads which were further coded for nine distinguished categories and sub-categories. The outcome of this study supports the proposed hypothesis. Stereotypes of male gender roles exist today in our society and dominate the overall portrayal.
References
Attenborough, F. (2014). Categorial feminism: New media and the rhetorical work of assessing a sexist, humorous, misogynistic, realistic advertisement. genl, 8(2). doi:10.1558/g enl. v8i 2.147http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/genl.v8i2.147
Barthel, Diane.1994."A gentleman and consumer." Public Culture2(2):129-34http:// dx.d oi.or g/10.1215/08992363-2-2-129
Bresnahan, M.J., Inoue, Y., Liu, W.Y. & Nishida, T. (2001). Changing gender roles in prime-time commercials in Malaysia, Japan, Taiwan, and the United States. Sex Roles, 45, 117–131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1013068519583
Brooks, D. E., & Hébert, L. P. (2006). Gender, race, and media representation. Handbook of gender and communication, 16, 297-317.Chicagohttp://dx.d oi.org/1 0.4135/9 7814 1 2976053.n16
Brown, J. D., & Campbell, K. (1986). Race and Gender in Music Videos: The Same Beat but a Different Drummer. J Communication Journal of Communication, 36(1), 94-106. http ://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1986.tb03041.x
Childs, N. M. & Maher, J. K. (2003). Gender in food advertising to children: Boys eat first. British food journal, 105(7), 408-419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00070700310497219
Corso, R. A. (2010). Are Consumers More Responsive to Male or Female Voices in Advertisements?
Courtney, W. 1983, Sex Stereotyping in Advertising, D.C. Health and Company, USA.
Culley, J. D., & Bennett, R. (1976). Selling Women, Selling Blacks. J Communication Journal of Communication, 26(4), 160-174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1976.tb01954.x
Frith, K. T., & Mueller, B. (2003). Advertising and societies: Global issue. New York: Peter Lang.
Furnham, A. & Imadzu, E. (2002). Gender portrayal in British and Japanese TV advertisements. Communications, 27, 319–348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/comm.27.3.319
Khairullah, D. H. Z. & Khairullah, Z. Y. (2009). Cross-cultural analysis of gender roles: Indian and US advertisements. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 21(1), 58-75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13555850910926245
Khalid, A. M., & Mohammed, F. A. Review on Advertising Islamic Values Through Mass Media A Case Study On Malaysia. Al-Madinah Managment and Finance Science| مج لة
جامعة ال مدي نة ال عال م ية ل ع لوم ال مال ية و الإداري ة -مال يزي ا , 1(8).
Knoll, S., Eisend, M., & Steinhagen, J. (2011). Gender roles in advertising: measuring and comparing gender stereotyping on public and private TV channels in Germany. Int. J. Adv, 30(5), 867. doi:10.2501/ija-30-5-867-888http://dx.doi.org/10.2501/IJA-30-5-867-888
Krippendorff, K. (2004a). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage.
Lauzen, M., Dozier, D.M., & Horan, N. (2008). Constructing gender stereotypes through social roles in prime-time television. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 52, 200- 214. doi: 10.1080/08838150801991971http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08838150801991971
Lundstron, William J., and Donald Sciglimpaglia. 'Sex Role Portrayals in Advertising.' Journal of Marketing 41, 3 (1977): 72-79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1250940
Masse, M. A., & Rosenblum, K (1988). Male and female created they them: The depiction of gender in the advertising of traditional women's and men's magazines. Women's Studies International Forum, 11, 127-144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0277-5395(88)90044-1
McArthur, L. Z. & Resko, B. G. (1975). The portrayal of men and women in American television commercials. The Journal of Social Psychology, 97, 209-220. http://dx .doi.o rg/10.1080/00224545.1975.9923340
Milner, L. (2005). Sex-role portrayals in African television advertising: A preliminary examination with implications for the use of Hofstede’s research. Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 17, 73–91http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J046v17n02_05
Mischel W. A social-learning view of sex differences in behavior. In: Maccoby EE, editor. The development of sex differences. Stanford: Stanford University Press; 1966. pp. 57–81.
Mwangi, M. W. (1996). Gender Roles Portrayed in Kenyan Television Commercials. Sex Roles, 34, 205-214. Neto, F. & Pinto, I. (1998). Gender stereotypes in Portuguese television advertisements. Sex Roles, 39, 153-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01544296
N.Ifezue, A. (2010). What makes an effective advertising for a man and a woman? j communication , 13-18. Neto, F., & Pinto, I. (1998). Sex Roles, 39(1/2), 153-164. doi:10.1023/ a:10188 9011 8950h ttp ://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018890118950
Potter, W. J. (1998). Media literacy, media education, and the academy. Journal of Communication, 48(1), 5-15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1998.tb02733.x
Schneider, Kenneth C., and Sharon B. Schneider. 'Trends in Sex Roles in Television Commercials.' Journal of Marketing 43, 3 (1979): 79-84. http://dx.doi.o rg/10.23 07/1250149
Shavitt, .S, Lowrey, P. and Haefner, J. (1998), Public attitudes toward advertising: More favourable than you might think, Journal of Advertising Research, Vol.38 No.4, pp. 7-22
Shaw, P., & Tan, Y. (2014). Race and Masculinity A Comparison of Asian and Western Models in Men’s Lifestyle Magazine Advertisements. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 91(1), 118-138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077699013514410
Siu, W. & Au, A. K. (1997). Women in advertising: a comparison of television advertisements in China and Singapore. Marketing Intelligence and Planning, 15, 235-243http://dx.doi. org/10.1108/02634509710177305
Uray, N. & Burnaz, S. (2003). An Analysis of the Portrayal of Gender Roles in Turkish Television Advertisements. Sex Roles, 48(1/2), 77-87http://dx.doi.org /10.102 3/A: 102 2348813469 Wee, C., Choong, M., & Tambyah, S. (1995). Sex role portrayal in television advertising. A comparative study of Singapore and Malaysia. International Marketing Review, 12(1), 49-64. doi:10.1108/02651339510080098http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02651339510080098
Whipple, T. W. & McManamon, M. K. (2002). Implications of using male and female voices in commercials: An explanatory study. Journal of Advertising, 31, 79 - 91. http://d x.d oi.org/10.1080/00913367.2002.10673668
Yu, L., Yang, X., Lu, Z., & Yan, Z. (2014). Effects of subliminal affective priming on occupational gender stereotypes. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 42(1), 145-153. doi:10.2224/sbp.20 14.42.1.145htt p://dx.doi.org/10. 2224/ sbp. 2014.42.1.145
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2016 Authors
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.