PEOPLE: International Journal of Social Sciences

COMPETING GRAMMARS OF WORLD ORDER: CHINA’S FOUR GLOBAL INITIATIVES AND THE NEW U.S. NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGY IN MIRROR PERSPECTIVE

2026-01-06T08:09:39+00:00

This article examines the transformation of contemporary world order through a comparative analysis of China’s four global initiatives—the Global Development Initiative, Global Security Initiative, Global Civilization Initiative, and Global Governance Initiative—and the United States National Security Strategy of December 2025. The purpose of the research is to move beyond conventional power-transition or rivalry frameworks and to assess how these documents articulate competing conceptions of international legitimacy, authority, and governance in a post-hegemonic global context. The article asks how each set of documents defines the sources of order, the role of institutions, and the acceptable instruments of power, and what their interaction reveals about the nature of the emerging world order. Methodologically, the article adopts a qualitative, interpretive analysis combining close textual reading with comparative and mirror-based conceptual analysis. The documents are treated not as sectoral policy statements, but as order-defining texts that encode broader normative and institutional visions. The findings demonstrate that China’s four initiatives constitute a coherent ordering doctrine grounded in performance-based legitimacy, development-first sequencing, inclusive security, civilizational pluralism, and reformed multilateralism. By contrast, the NSS 2025 articulates a sovereignty-centered, transactional, and leverage-driven conception of order, in which legitimacy is re-nationalized, institutions are endorsed conditionally, and economic and security instruments are instrumentalized in an open manner. Read in mirror perspective, these projects do not simply compete for influence; they advance structurally different grammars of world order that often operate at cross-purposes. The article concludes that the interaction between these two ordering projects contributes to the emergence of a plural and negotiated world order, characterized less by hegemonic replacement than by legitimacy fragmentation. Global governance is increasingly shaped by overlapping and contested justificatory regimes, in which authority must be continuously negotiated rather than assumed.

EXPERIENCE-VALUE ORIENTED MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR HEALTH CHECKUPS IN TAIWAN MEDICAL CENTERS

2026-01-15T10:07:13+00:00

The study aims to analyze the consumption behavior and the mechanism of loyalty formation among customers at high-end health management centers affiliated with medical centers in Taiwan. It focuses on how service quality, customer satisfaction, and brand image interact to influence loyalty in a highly competitive market. A survey method was adopted, targeting high-end health checkup customers at medical centers in Taiwan. From June to November 2024, 500 questionnaires were distributed, resulting in 446 valid samples. The questionnaire was reviewed by experts for expert validity, and the data met the required standards after reliability analysis.

Demographic Impact: Age significantly affects service quality, satisfaction, brand image, and loyalty. Specifically, the 31-40 age group scored higher than the 21-30 group across multiple dimensions. Additionally, customers with lower education levels exhibited higher loyalty. Correlation Analysis: All main variables (quality, satisfaction, brand image, and loyalty) showed significant positive correlations. Regression Analysis: The model explained 55.4% of the variance in loyalty. "Brand Image" was the most critical factor (β = .428), followed by "Customer Satisfaction" (β = .306). Notably, "Service Quality" did not have a significant direct impact on loyalty. Loyalty in high-end health checkups is primarily driven by "experiential value" and "brand trust" rather than basic medical quality, which is now taken for granted by customers.Healthcare institutions should strengthen brand positioning and differentiate themselves through professional imagery and high-end facilities. They should optimize the customer experience process (e.g., managing waiting times) and cater to the specific needs of different groups. Ultimately, providers must shift from a "quality-oriented" approach to an "experience and value-oriented" management model.

ETHICAL ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND HUMAN RIGHTS: RISKS AND CHALLENGES

2026-01-22T05:10:40+00:00

As AI systems become increasingly pervasive in various aspects of everyday life, from social media algorithms to national security applications, the potential for both enhancing and violating human rights grows exponentially. Article argue that Artificial intelligence has revolutionized the way people live and work, transforming understanding of human rights and providing new opportunities for innovation. However, the widespread use of AI has also raised concerns about its impact on human rights. Normative ethics theories and principles AI impact’s ethical regulation on human rights were considered and discussed. The research paper examines human rights implications of AI and the ethical responsibility for harm caused by AI technologies. Different type of discrimination and biased behavior in artificial intelligence systems were observed. It is needed to consider legal and ethical liability for human right’s damage caused by AI technologies. The issue of legal and ethical liability for damage caused by artificial intelligence is becoming more important in the era of self-driving cars and robotic surgeons, as well as the use of artificial intelligence in traffic management, as errors made by artificial intelligence systems can lead to fatalities, as has already happened repeatedly. The article examines the complex interplay between AI advances and established human rights frameworks, with a particular focus on the problem of ethical aspects of implementation of social credit system. The article highlights the urgent need for global cooperation in developing comprehensive and adaptive philosophical, ethical and legal frameworks to protect human rights in the face of rapidly evolving AI technologies.