PEOPLE: International Journal of Social Sciences

UNCOVERING DIVERSIFICATION BENEFITS: RETURN SPILLOVERS IN USA ESG AND NON-ESG ORIENTED BANKS

Madiha Zafar — 2024-12-20

The balance sheet is a source of interconnectedness among financial products and affect the overall system of economics. Due to interest of investors in the market’s connectedness, our study identifies the dynamics of spillover and their effects on ESG and non-ESG oriented banks of USA. This study comprises the dataset of 2319 observations for the duration of January 1, 2015, to November 22, 2023. The spillover index of Diebold and Yilmaz (2012) was employed to perform the analysis of ESG and non-ESG-oriented banks in USA. This study revealed a difference of

interconnectedness between the ESG and non-ESG-oriented banks, specifically during normal and COVID-19 pandemic periods. ESG-oriented banks are highly interconnected with the momentous spillover among each other, indicating a need to manage risk by cross-market diversification. Contrary, non-ESG-oriented banks exhibited minimum interconnectedness and spillover impact. The benefits of diversification were highlighted in this study between ESG and non-ESG-oriented banks. This study summed up that diversification has significant benefits of risk reduction. Results suggested that banks include both the ESG and non-ESG-oriented investments in their portfolio to mitigate the risk. The adoption of banks-only ESG standards leads to investing in fewer projects and fabricated ESG constraints of portfolio optimization. By this way, investments in ESG constrain and restrict the diversification benefits of the portfolio, which maximizes the risk and fragility.

FACTORS INFLUENCING VALUE ADDED TAX IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

Mjellma Bujupi — 2024-12-19

This paper examines the influence of different VAT components, specifically VAT inside the country and VAT at the border on the overall VAT as a percentage of GDP in Kosovo from 2002 to 2022. Using multiple linear regressions, the analysis finds that both VAT inside and VAT at the border strongly correlate with the total VAT revenue as a percentage of GDP. However, VAT at the border has a slightly more significant impact, suggesting a higher dependence on VAT collected through imports. These findings imply that policies aimed at increasing exports while reducing imports could enhance local production and, consequently, economic growth. The study is limited by its focus on VAT components without considering other economic factors or countries. Nevertheless, the results provide valuable insights for policymakers and researchers interested in optimizing tax revenue strategies.

LEADERSHIP IN CRISIS MANAGEMENT: BUILDING RESILIENT BUSINESS MODELS

Richard Grover Baah — 2024-12-19

This study explores the role of individual leadership in crisis management, focusing on how different leadership styles contribute to the development of resilient business models. Through cross-cultural and cross-sectoral case studies, the research identifies transformational, transactional, servant, and situational leadership styles as key factors in navigating crises. The findings suggest that transformational and servant leadership are particularly effective in fostering resilience, while transactional leadership, although useful in the short term, may require supplementation for long-term success. The study underscores the importance of cultural and sectoral contexts in shaping leadership practices and offers future directions for research in leadership development and crisis preparedness.

SOME FINDINGS ON THE POLITICAL PARTICIPATION OF GENERATION Z YOUTH IN TÜRKİYE

Ender Akyol — 2024-12-15

In recent years, there has been significant interest in generational studies across various disciplines of social sciences. Particularly, the political participation behaviors and voting tendencies of individuals known as Generation Z have drawn the attention of both academicians and political decision-makers. However, in Türkiye, studies examining the relationship between generational voter tendencies and political participation preferences are limited and are generally conducted on a regional or educational basis, focusing on specific provinces, regions, or schools. Based on the assumption that a descriptive and explanatory study on the general political participation tendencies of Generation Z in Türkiye is needed, this research was designed. The study considered citizens living in Türkiye as the population, and a representative sample was determined. Since the variable in question would be measured at the societal level, the sample was distributed at the NUTS II level. To achieve a representative sample, a minimum size of 417 was calculated with a ±3% margin of error at a 95% confidence level. Accounting for potential missing data, the sample size was increased to 500. The sample included 26 provinces and 31 districts from Level 2 of Türkiye's Statistical Regional Units Classification. The data obtained were analyzed using SPSS (Statistical Packages for the Social Sciences), focusing on the general voter tendencies of Generation Z. The analyses included reliability analysis, frequency analysis, chi-square tests, and difference tests. The findings revealed that 85.8% of participants were not members of any political party, and 67.4% did not believe in solving problems through politics. Furthermore, 41.6% identified themselves as sympathetic voters, while 34.2% considered party leadership important in voting decisions. Additionally, 66.2% of respondents stated that Türkiye needs a new political party, and 60.6% expressed support for a return to the parliamentary system.

EXAMINING DIFFERENT TECHNOLOGY AREAS IN SPORTS IN THE ATHLETE MENTAL HEALTH DIMENSION

Betül Akyol — 2024-12-15

Sports technologies have been in constant 'change and development' since the day they first emerged until today. With each passing year, sports technologies develop by taking reference from each other through new technologies. With the development of sports technologies, generations are encountering more 'new and advanced' technologies every day. Sports have an important place in protecting the physical and psychological health of individuals. Mental health has an important place in sports as well as physical health. In this respect, the aim of the current research is; It is aimed to examine different technology areas in sports in terms of mental health. As a data collection tool for this purpose; For Turkish sources, DergiPark, Higher Education Institution National Thesis Center (YÖKTEZ) and Google Scholar, and for English sources, in Web of Science and PubMed databases, with the keywords "Sports Technology", "Sports Mental Health", "Sports Entertainment" and "Technology Addiction". scanning has been done. As a result of the research; It is seen that technology in sports is used for different purposes such as 'entertainment, exercise and performance sports'. In some cases, the use of technology for more equipment or time than necessary reveals that it can create technology addiction in individuals and negatively affect their mental health. On the other hand, it is thought that conscious technology users can turn their current sports/exercises into productive and entertaining ones with sports technologies developed for different purposes. In this respect, as with all newly developing technologies, it has been concluded that determining the needs well and being a conscious sports technology user while using these technologies is important for mental health.