A CHANGING DISCOURSE ONTHE RED CROSS SOCIETY OF CHINA BEYOND CIVIL SOCIETY
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20319/pijss.2015.s21.983999Keywords:
Public sphere, civil society, Non-government organizations, Red CrossAbstract
This paper explores non-government organizations (NGOs) in the People’s Republic of China, where the Communist Party of China (CCP) has extensive influence over society and Western notions of NGOs operating in civil society must be reconceptualised. To analyze this unique situation, this paper examines the Red Cross Society of China (RCSC), a member of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) and its distinct role in China. It also discusses how the RCSC provides a general example of how NGOs operate within a Party-State environment. This research is significant as it goes beyond the services the Red Cross Society of China provides to citizens and places these services within Western theories on the public sphere and civil society. The theoretical analysis is to support its perspective on public spheres and civil society and explore the changes of the Red Cross Society of China in the changing political climate of China.
References
Adopted by the 25th International Conference of the Red Cross at Geneva in 1986, amended in 1995 and 2006, (1986). Statutes of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement,11.
Arato, A. (1989). Civil society, history and socialism: reply to John Keane. Praxis International, 9(1-2).
Barber, B. R. (1995). Searching for civil society. National Civic Review, 84(2), 114-118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ncr.4100840205
Barrow, R. (1968). Slavery in the Roman Empire, 1928: Chapter,8.
Chi, Z. (2005). From Chinese Charities Association to Shanghai Wanguo Red Cross. [从中国救济善会到上海万国红十字会]. Journal of the Historical Review(2), 76-81.
Clarke, G. (1998). Non‐Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and Politics in the Developing World. Political studies, 46(1), 36-52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9248.00128
Courtney, R. (2002). Strategic Management for Voluntary Nonprofit Organizations: Routledge.
Cullen, B. (1979). Hegel's Social and Political Thought: An Introduction. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan Ltd.
Deng, P. (2011). Latest Directives From the Ministry of Truth, December 15, 2010-January 4, 2011: Civil Society. Civil Society January 4, 2011 From the Central Propaganda Bureau: It is forbidden to use the term “civil society” (gongmin shehui) in reporting. It is not permitted to hype this topic. Retrieved 10, May, 2014, from http://chinadigitaltimes.net/ 2011/01/10/
Dossa, S. (1989). The public realm and the public self: The political theory of Hannah Arendt. Waterloo, Ontario, Canada: Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press,65.
Edele, A. (2005a). Non-governmental Organization in China: Programme on NGOs & Civil Society.
Edele,A. (2005b). Non-governmental organizations in China. Geneva, Switzerland: The Programme on NGOs and Civil Society, Centre for Applied Studies in International Negotiation, CASIN. Retrieved April, 20, 2009.
Foucault, M. (1977). Discipline and punish: The birth of the prison. Vintage,215.
Goode, L. (2005). Jürgen Habermas: Democracy and the Public Sphere. London: Pluto Press.
Gramsci, A. (1954). Passato e presente: Giulio Einaudi,164.
Gu, C. (2011). Rebuild the credibility of the Red Cross Society of China. [红十字会公信力的弱化与重建]. Journal of Reform and Opening up(12), 106-107.
Habermas, J. (1962). 1989. The structural transformation of the public sphere: An inquiry into a category of bourgeois society. Trans. T. Burger with F. Lawrence, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA,55-56.
Hegel, G. W. F. (1991). Hegel: elements of the philosophy of right: Cambridge University Press,84-85.
Hobbes, T. (1994). Leviathan (Edited by Edwin Curley),131.
Cohen, J.&Arato, A. (1995). Civil Society and Political Theory. Cambridge: MIT Press,73-74,91,211.
Ray, L. (2004). State and Civil Society: Civil society and the public sphere. In K. Nash & A. Scott (Eds.), The Blackwell Companion to Political Sociology. Paperback: Blackwell Publishing Ltd,220-221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470696071.ch20
Lehmann, D. (1992). Democracy and development in Latin America: economics, politics and religion in the post-war period: Temple University Press.
Li, C., & Luo, H. (2008). Resource Mobilisation and Service Delivery-Analyzing Red Cross Society's Functions in Crisis Management. [资源动员与服务传递--试析红十字会组织在危机管理中的作用]. Journal of Social Governance, 75-77.
Li, Y. (2011). Introduction: Challenges and Opportunities for NGOs in Different Parts of the World. In Y. Li (Ed.), NGOs in China and Europe: comparisons and contrasts (pp. 1-20). Ashgate. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004202269.i-228.5 http://dx.doi.org/1 0.1016/j. rbmo.2011.02.014http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814340434_0001http://dx.doi. org/1 0.1142/9781848164079_0001http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814365147_0001 http://dx.d oi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19146-6_1http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-0511-5_1 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-932-1_1http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/978 11 1818109 6.ch1 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8348-8111-3_1http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/97 835 27634446.ch1http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780 470932117.ch1 http://d x.doi.org /10 .10 07/ 978-94-007-0741-21
Li, Y., Huang, P., & Sun, X. (2009). Analysis of the Legal Basis for People's Liberation Army’s Participation in Earthquake Relief. [人民解放军参与地震灾害救援的法律依据分析]. Journal of Institute of Disaster-Prevention Science and Technology, 11(2), 117-120.
Liu, D. (2008). The volunteer management problem of the non-profit organizations--take the Red Cross volunteers as an example. [谈非营利组织志愿者管理问题--以红十字会志愿者为例]. Journal of Changsha Railway College, 9(1), 26-28.
Liu, M. (2007). The Marketization of Public Service and the Development of the Non-Governmental Organization in China. [论公共服务市场化与我国非政府组织的发展]. Journal of Xuzhou Normal University, 33(1), 121-126.
Liu, P. (2011). Expansion of the civil right of association. In M. Wang (Ed.), Emerging Civil Society in China, 1978-2008 (Vol. 7, pp. 59-108). Koninklijke Brill NV: Brill.
Locke, J. (1965). Two Treatises of Government. New York: New American Library,Chap.7..
Locke, J. (1980). Political or Civil Society. In b. C. B. M. with an introduction (Ed.), The Second Treatise of Government [1690]. Indianapolis: Hackett.
Luhmann, N. (1982). The differentiation of society. Columbia University Press,236.
Lv, Y. (2000). The Red Cross Society of China and the law of Red Cross. [中国红十字会与《红十字会法》]. Journal of Guizhou Political-Legal Cadre College, 12(1), 45.
Mcllwaine, C. (2009). Civil Society: Elsevier Ltd.
Parsons, T. (1949). The Structure of Social Action. New York: Free Press,89.
Perry, E. J. (2002). Challenging the mandate of heaven: social protest and state power in China: ME Sharpe.
Riddell, R. (2007). Does Foreign Aid Really Work? : Oxford University Press.
Salamon, L. M., Anheier, H. K., List, R., Toepler, S., & Sokolowski, S. W. (1999). Global civil society. Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector. Baltimore.
Shaw, M. (2008). Civil Society: Elsevier Inc. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-012373985-8.00023-4
Simon, K. W. (2013). Civil society in China: the legal framework from ancient times to the" new reform era": Oxford University Press. http://dx.doi.org/1 0.1093/acpro f:oso/978 1997 65898.001.0001
Vakil, A. C. (1997). Confronting the classification problem: Toward a taxonomy of NGOs. World Development, vol.25,no.12, pp.2057-2070. doi: 10.1016/S0305-750X(97)00098-3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(97)00098-3
Wakeman, F. (1993). The civil society and public sphere debate: Western reflections on Chinese political culture. Modern China, 108-138. http://dx.doi.org/10. 1177/009 77004 930 1900202
Wang, R., & Chen, H. (2007). International institutions and the legislations of the Red Cross in China. [国际制度与中国红十字会立法]. Science International Politics(1), 1-30.
Wang, W. (2011). The report of the third anniversary of Wenchuan earthquake reconstruction by the Red Cross Society of China. from http://news.163.com/11/0506/03/ 73BFUGQI00014AED.html
Whatmore, D. G. R. J. G. P. M. W. S. (Ed.) (2009) (5th ed. ed.). Hoboken:Wiley.
White, G., Howell, J. A., & Xiaoyuan, S. (1996). In search of civil society: Market reform and social change in contemporary China. OUP Catalogue. http://dx.doi. O rg/1 0 109 3/acprof:oso/9780198289562.001.0001http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198289562.003.0001
Willetts, P. (2002). What is a Non-governmental Organization UNESCO Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems.
Yang, H., & Zheng, H. (2012). Rational Interpretation of "Official Color" of the Red Cross Society of China. [红十字会“官方色彩”的理性解读]. Journal of Hefei University of Technology, 26(6), 62-65.
Zhang, Q. (2004). The financial problem of the Red Cross Society of China (1912-1937). [中国红十字会经费问题浅析(1912-1937)]. Journal of the Latter-day Historical Research(3), 101-135.
Zhou, Q. (2000). On the Red Cross Soceity of China during the Late Qing Period. [晚清时期的中国红十字会论述]. Journal of the Latter-day Historical Research, 3, 134-192.
Zhou, Q. (2002). The International Association of the Red Cross Society of China in the period of Beijing Government of the Republic of China. [民国北京政府时期中国红十字会的国际交往]. Journal of Social Science of Hunan Normal University, 31(4), 81-88.
Zhou, Q. (2004). The Inner Propaganda and the fundraising of Red Cross Society of China in the period of Beijing Government of the Republic of China [民国北京政府时期中国红十字会的会内宣传与经费筹措]. Journal of Social Science of Hunan Normal University, 33(4), 123-128.
Zhu, H., & Yang, N. (2004). The concept of the Modern State and the Medical behaviour of the Local Practice--The history of the Red Cross Society of China. [现代国家理念与地方性实践交互影响下的医疗行为--中国红十字会起源的双重历史渊源]. Journal of Zhejiang Social Science, 5, 168-177.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2015 Authors
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.